http://www.musicdsp.org/files/Audio-EQ-Cookbook.txt

https://arachnoid.com/BiQuadDesigner/index.html

https://blog.csdn.net/hunterhuang2013/article/details/64443718

 

Cookbook formulae for audio EQ biquad filter coefficients----------------------------------------------------------------------------           by Robert Bristow-Johnson  
    
     All filter transfer functions were derived from analog prototypes (thatare shown below for each EQ filter type) and had been digitized using theBilinear Transform.  BLT frequency warping has been taken into account forboth significant frequency relocation (this is the normal "prewarping" thatis necessary when using the BLT) and for bandwidth readjustment (since thebandwidth is compressed when mapped from analog to digital using the BLT).First, given a biquad transfer function defined as:            b0 + b1*z^-1 + b2*z^-2    H(z) = ------------------------                                  (Eq 1)            a0 + a1*z^-1 + a2*z^-2This shows 6 coefficients instead of 5 so, depending on your architechture,you will likely normalize a0 to be 1 and perhaps also b0 to 1 (and collectthat into an overall gain coefficient).  Then your transfer function wouldlook like:            (b0/a0) + (b1/a0)*z^-1 + (b2/a0)*z^-2    H(z) = ---------------------------------------                   (Eq 2)               1 + (a1/a0)*z^-1 + (a2/a0)*z^-2or                      1 + (b1/b0)*z^-1 + (b2/b0)*z^-2    H(z) = (b0/a0) * ---------------------------------               (Eq 3)                      1 + (a1/a0)*z^-1 + (a2/a0)*z^-2The most straight forward implementation would be the "Direct Form 1"(Eq 2):    y[n] = (b0/a0)*x[n] + (b1/a0)*x[n-1] + (b2/a0)*x[n-2]                        - (a1/a0)*y[n-1] - (a2/a0)*y[n-2]            (Eq 4)This is probably both the best and the easiest method to implement in the56K and other fixed-point or floating-point architechtures with a doublewide accumulator.Begin with these user defined parameters:    Fs (the sampling frequency)    f0 ("wherever it's happenin', man."  Center Frequency or        Corner Frequency, or shelf midpoint frequency, depending        on which filter type.  The "significant frequency".)    dBgain (used only for peaking and shelving filters)    Q (the EE kind of definition, except for peakingEQ in which A*Q is        the classic EE Q.  That adjustment in definition was made so that        a boost of N dB followed by a cut of N dB for identical Q and        f0/Fs results in a precisely flat unity gain filter or "wire".)     _or_ BW, the bandwidth in octaves (between -3 dB frequencies for BPF        and notch or between midpoint (dBgain/2) gain frequencies for        peaking EQ)     _or_ S, a "shelf slope" parameter (for shelving EQ only).  When S = 1,        the shelf slope is as steep as it can be and remain monotonically        increasing or decreasing gain with frequency.  The shelf slope, in        dB/octave, remains proportional to S for all other values for a        fixed f0/Fs and dBgain.Then compute a few intermediate variables:    A  = sqrt( 10^(dBgain/20) )       =       10^(dBgain/40)     (for peaking and shelving EQ filters only)    w0 = 2*pi*f0/Fs    cos(w0)    sin(w0)    alpha = sin(w0)/(2*Q)                                       (case: Q)          = sin(w0)*sinh( ln(2)/2 * BW * w0/sin(w0) )           (case: BW)          = sin(w0)/2 * sqrt( (A + 1/A)*(1/S - 1) + 2 )         (case: S)        FYI: The relationship between bandwidth and Q is             1/Q = 2*sinh(ln(2)/2*BW*w0/sin(w0))     (digital filter w BLT)        or   1/Q = 2*sinh(ln(2)/2*BW)             (analog filter prototype)        The relationship between shelf slope and Q is             1/Q = sqrt((A + 1/A)*(1/S - 1) + 2)    2*sqrt(A)*alpha  =  sin(w0) * sqrt( (A^2 + 1)*(1/S - 1) + 2*A )        is a handy intermediate variable for shelving EQ filters.Finally, compute the coefficients for whichever filter type you want:   (The analog prototypes, H(s), are shown for each filter        type for normalized frequency.)LPF:        H(s) = 1 / (s^2 + s/Q + 1)            b0 =  (1 - cos(w0))/2            b1 =   1 - cos(w0)            b2 =  (1 - cos(w0))/2            a0 =   1 + alpha            a1 =  -2*cos(w0)            a2 =   1 - alphaHPF:        H(s) = s^2 / (s^2 + s/Q + 1)            b0 =  (1 + cos(w0))/2            b1 = -(1 + cos(w0))            b2 =  (1 + cos(w0))/2            a0 =   1 + alpha            a1 =  -2*cos(w0)            a2 =   1 - alphaBPF:        H(s) = s / (s^2 + s/Q + 1)  (constant skirt gain, peak gain = Q)            b0 =   sin(w0)/2  =   Q*alpha            b1 =   0            b2 =  -sin(w0)/2  =  -Q*alpha            a0 =   1 + alpha            a1 =  -2*cos(w0)            a2 =   1 - alphaBPF:        H(s) = (s/Q) / (s^2 + s/Q + 1)      (constant 0 dB peak gain)            b0 =   alpha            b1 =   0            b2 =  -alpha            a0 =   1 + alpha            a1 =  -2*cos(w0)            a2 =   1 - alphanotch:      H(s) = (s^2 + 1) / (s^2 + s/Q + 1)            b0 =   1            b1 =  -2*cos(w0)            b2 =   1            a0 =   1 + alpha            a1 =  -2*cos(w0)            a2 =   1 - alphaAPF:        H(s) = (s^2 - s/Q + 1) / (s^2 + s/Q + 1)            b0 =   1 - alpha            b1 =  -2*cos(w0)            b2 =   1 + alpha            a0 =   1 + alpha            a1 =  -2*cos(w0)            a2 =   1 - alphapeakingEQ:  H(s) = (s^2 + s*(A/Q) + 1) / (s^2 + s/(A*Q) + 1)            b0 =   1 + alpha*A            b1 =  -2*cos(w0)            b2 =   1 - alpha*A            a0 =   1 + alpha/A            a1 =  -2*cos(w0)            a2 =   1 - alpha/AlowShelf: H(s) = A * (s^2 + (sqrt(A)/Q)*s + A)/(A*s^2 + (sqrt(A)/Q)*s + 1)            b0 =    A*( (A+1) - (A-1)*cos(w0) + 2*sqrt(A)*alpha )            b1 =  2*A*( (A-1) - (A+1)*cos(w0)                   )            b2 =    A*( (A+1) - (A-1)*cos(w0) - 2*sqrt(A)*alpha )            a0 =        (A+1) + (A-1)*cos(w0) + 2*sqrt(A)*alpha            a1 =   -2*( (A-1) + (A+1)*cos(w0)                   )            a2 =        (A+1) + (A-1)*cos(w0) - 2*sqrt(A)*alphahighShelf: H(s) = A * (A*s^2 + (sqrt(A)/Q)*s + 1)/(s^2 + (sqrt(A)/Q)*s + A)            b0 =    A*( (A+1) + (A-1)*cos(w0) + 2*sqrt(A)*alpha )            b1 = -2*A*( (A-1) + (A+1)*cos(w0)                   )            b2 =    A*( (A+1) + (A-1)*cos(w0) - 2*sqrt(A)*alpha )            a0 =        (A+1) - (A-1)*cos(w0) + 2*sqrt(A)*alpha            a1 =    2*( (A-1) - (A+1)*cos(w0)                   )            a2 =        (A+1) - (A-1)*cos(w0) - 2*sqrt(A)*alphaFYI:   The bilinear transform (with compensation for frequency warping)substitutes:                                  1         1 - z^-1      (normalized)   s  <--  ----------- * ----------                              tan(w0/2)     1 + z^-1   and makes use of these trig identities:                     sin(w0)                               1 - cos(w0)      tan(w0/2) = -------------           (tan(w0/2))^2 = -------------                   1 + cos(w0)                             1 + cos(w0)   resulting in these substitutions:                 1 + cos(w0)     1 + 2*z^-1 + z^-2      1    <--  ------------- * -------------------                 1 + cos(w0)     1 + 2*z^-1 + z^-2                 1 + cos(w0)     1 - z^-1      s    <--  ------------- * ----------                   sin(w0)       1 + z^-1                                      1 + cos(w0)     1         -  z^-2                                  =  ------------- * -------------------                                        sin(w0)       1 + 2*z^-1 + z^-2                 1 + cos(w0)     1 - 2*z^-1 + z^-2      s^2  <--  ------------- * -------------------                 1 - cos(w0)     1 + 2*z^-1 + z^-2   The factor:                    1 + cos(w0)                -------------------                 1 + 2*z^-1 + z^-2   is common to all terms in both numerator and denominator, can be factored   out, and thus be left out in the substitutions above resulting in:                 1 + 2*z^-1 + z^-2      1    <--  -------------------                    1 + cos(w0)                 1         -  z^-2      s    <--  -------------------                      sin(w0)                 1 - 2*z^-1 + z^-2      s^2  <--  -------------------                    1 - cos(w0)   In addition, all terms, numerator and denominator, can be multiplied by a   common (sin(w0))^2 factor, finally resulting in these substitutions:      1         <--   (1 + 2*z^-1 + z^-2) * (1 - cos(w0))      s         <--   (1         -  z^-2) * sin(w0)      s^2       <--   (1 - 2*z^-1 + z^-2) * (1 + cos(w0))      1 + s^2   <--   2 * (1 - 2*cos(w0)*z^-1 + z^-2)   The biquad coefficient formulae above come out after a little   simplification. Biquadratic difference equation flow graph (horizontal = time, vertical = data flow)：
    

 

// perform one filtering stepdouble filter(double x) {    y = b0 * x + b1 * x1 + b2 * x2 - a1 * y1 - a2 * y2;    x2 = x1;    x1 = x;    y2 = y1;    y1 = y;    return (y);}

 

This table outlines the properties of the available filter types:

Filter Type	Q adj	Gain adj	Comments	Image
Bandpass	Y	N	The most generally useful filter type.
Low-pass	Y	N	For low-pass and high-pass biquadratic filters, one normally sets Q = 0.707 ($\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}$) to achieve a Butterworth filter transfer function with a 3 DB drop at the specified operating frequency. Higher Q settings produce an often-undesirable peak near the center frequency and dynamic instability in operation.
High-pass	Y	N
Peak	Y	Y	This filter is a bit tricky to set up, because both Q and gain are effective. The idea is that one can use the gain control to set a nonzero base gain level that applies to all frequencies, then use the frequency and Q controls to set a narrow peak to exceed that level. Note also that, with a negative gain setting, the relation between the plateau and peak is reversed.
Notch	Y	N	This filter is more or less the opposite of the "Peak" filter — it creates a narrow rejection band, the width of which is set by the Q control. (But no plateau as with "Peak".)
Lowshelf	N	Y	Lowshelf and highshelf filters provide a sort of "plateau" effect, under control of the gain setting, and not unlike the "Peak" filter described above. Note that negative gain settings reverse the identity of the filter — lowshelf becomes highshelf and the reverse.
Highshelf	N	Y